Pdf allport specified four conditions for optimal intergroup contact. In 1954, allport proposed the intergroup contact hypothesis, which states that intergroup contact would help promote positive intergroup relations by reducing prejudice, if they occur under the right conditions. However, intergroup contact does not always serve to reduce prejudice. The contact hypothesis the intergroup contact hypothesis was first proposed by allport 1954, who suggested that positive effects of intergroup contact occur in contact situations characterized by four key conditions. In pettigrews model, the contactprejudice relation is mediated by changing behavior, ingroup reappraisal, generating affective ties, and learning about the outgroup. Intergroup contact theory is among the more interesting and productive ideas from the. Extending the benefits of intergroup contact beyond attitudes. Longitudinal comparisons of pettigrews reformulated intergroup contact model and the common ingroup identity model in anglofrench and mexicanamerican contexts. Beginning in 2000, pettigrew and tropp began publishing work together. A and the jim crow laws, gordon allport 1954 proposed one of the most important social psychological events of the 20th century, suggesting that contact between members of different groups under certain conditions can work to reduce. This study tested whether intergroup intimacy counteracts or amplifies the detrimental effects of negative intergroup contact on outgroup attitudes. Sylvie graf,1,2 stefania paolini 3 and mark rubin abstract past research is limited by a focus on intimacy in positive intergroup contact. Intergroup contact an overview sciencedirect topics.
Allport specified four conditions for optimal intergroup contact. Pettigrew and tropps 2006 metaanalysis of research on the contact hypothesis provides evidence that the effect of intergroup contact goes beyond the individuals in the immediate contact. Implications of missing critical variables from an analysis of intergroup contact theory. This study tested whether intergroup intimacy counteracts or amplifies the detrimental effects. The intergroup contact hypothesis was first proposed by allport 1954. On the one hand, we tested the boundary conditions of contact e. Fans of one of the basketball teams participated in the current study. Varied research supports the hypothesis, but four problems remain. Pettigrew contact theory reference pettigrew t f1998.
First, initial prejudice precipitates the perception of dissimilarity and the willingness to engage in intergroup contact. Pettigrew 1998, among others, has noted the power of behaviors in. Vicarious intergroup contact and the role of authorities in. It was first theorized in a 1998 articles written by thomas frazer pettigrew. 1979, as a guide for designing peacebuilding interventions kelman, 1998. The second social categorization model of intergroup contact and prejudice reduction is also based on the premise that reducing the salience of ingroupoutgroup category distinctions is key to positive effects. Recent advances in intergroup contact theory sciencedirect. In the following paragraphs, we discuss some of the most notable contributions to intergroup contact theory. Contact theory is now becoming more and more important on the field of intergroup relations in social psychology, experimental economy and sociology. Further, the theory has received support of a large amount of empirical evidence. Vicarious intergroup contact and the role of authorities.
Personality and social psychology bulletin, 43 6, 901902. Pettigrew society for the psychological study of social issues 2003 nominee, mary kay waldron award for contributions to undergraduate student life undergraduate government of boston college. An integrative theory of intergroup contact request pdf. Pettigrew and tropp 2006 williams 1947intergroup contact would maximally reduce prejudice when the two groups share similar status, interests, and tasks and when the situation fosters personal, intimate intergroup contact. Friendship invokes many of the optimal conditions for positive contact effects. Social psychological perspectives on trump supporters. Popularized by scholars like allport 1954 and pettigrew 1998, this theory explains how prejudice between groups of people can decrease through collaborative, interdependent activities. Many authors claim that the best predictor of prejudice reduction is intergroup contact. Tropp boston college the present article presents a metaanalytic test of intergroup contact theory. The contact hypothesis the intergroup contact hypothesis was first proposed by allport 1954, who suggested that positive effects of intergroup contact occur in everett, j.
Intergroup contact theory pettigrew, thomas f annual. Initial prejudice and group status are two important factors. Implementation of inclusive education in ghanaian primary. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A metaanalytic test of intergroup contact theory thomas f.
With 7 independent samples from 515 studies, the metaanalysis finds that intergroup contact typically reduces intergroup. Yet research finds that the positive effects of crossgroup. Relationships between intergroup contact and prejudice among minority and majority status groups lr tropp, tf pettigrew psychological science 16 12, 951957, 2005. In a metaanalysis of 515 studies on the intergroup contact theory, pettigrew and tropp 2006 find that 95% of the studies on the contact. The intergroup contact theory posits that bringing members of opposing groups together under conditions involving cooperation, equal status, and personal acquaintance can improve attitudes toward the outgroup and. So it is noteworthy that there is growing evidence that trumps white supporters have experienced far less contact with minorities than other americans. Decades of research show that intergroup contact can promote reductions in intergroup prejudice, particularly when the con tact situation is structured to enhance positive intergroup out comes see allport, 1954. Vicarious intergroup contact improved outgroup and metastereotype evaluations as compared with a no contact condition. However, deliberation contexts, especially those that do not last for a long time e. In pettigrews model, intergroup friendship is accorded a special role and the contact. Contact theory postulates that if diverse people meet under specific conditions their prejudice is more likely to be reduced than if contact occurs outside of these conditions. This theory is linked to the intergroup contact theory. Pettigrew and tropp 2006 williams 1947intergroup contact would maximally reduce prejudice when the two groups share similar status, interests, and tasks and when the situation fosters personal, intimate intergroup contact allport 1954 intergroup contact theorycontact of groups under optimal conditions could reduce. So it is noteworthy that there is growing evidence that trumps white supporters have experienced far less.
Relationships between intergroup contact and prejudice. Intergroup contact, social dominance and environmental. Allport intergroup relations prize, for a metaanalytic test and reformulation of intergroup contact theory coauthored with thomas f. Contact can, and does, work through both cognitive i.
Pdf a metaanalytic test of intergroup contact theory. Pettigrew, 1998 which provides a sophisticated theoretical account of how, when, and why intergroup interaction can contribute to the improvement of intergroup. Relationships between intergroup contact and prejudice among. A major means of reducing intergroup prejudice is through optimal intergroup contact pettigrew, 1998. Intergroup contact theory intergroup contact theory pettigrew, thomas f. Available formats pdf please select a format to send. Increasing cultural awareness through a cultural awareness.
Pettigrew department of psychology, university of california, santa cruz, california 95064. Intergroup contact in deliberation 3 mainly looked at situations that afforded friendship potential pettigrew, 1998. Intergroup contact theory posits that meaningful contact with members of an. Intergroup contact theory request pdf researchgate.
The contact situation must provide the participants with the opportunity to become friends. Extending the benefits of intergroup contact beyond. Spe cifically, this research tested whether relationships between in tergroup contact and intergroup prejudice differ between members of minority and majority status groups, and whether the patterns of effects vary depending on conditions of the contact situation. A selection bias limits crosssectional studies, since prejudiced people avoid intergroup contact. In addition, the positive effects of vicarious intergroup contact significantly increased when it was supported by an authority figure. Does intimacy counteract or amplify the detrimental effects. The intergroup contact hypothesis was first proposed by allport 1954, who suggested. Extending allports cognitive analysis of prejudice. Intergroup dialogue developed from a large body of theory and research known as contact theory allport, 1954. Group processes intergroup relations published online 28 july 2014. The intergroup contact theory posits that bringing members of opposing groups together under conditions involving cooperation, equal status, and personal acquaintance can improve attitudes toward the outgroup and facilitate intergroup harmony pettigrew, 2011. Within these intergroup contexts, two longitudinal field studies of contact tested pettigrews reformulated model of the intergroup contact theory and gaertner and dovidios 2000 common ingroup identity model ciim. Thomas fraser pettigrew at university of california, santa cruz.
An innovative approach to teaching about diversity and justice in social work programs. Does intimacy counteract or amplify the detrimental. In addition, largely because the camp takes place in. Pettigrew university of california, santa cruz linda r. The contact theory is different from the contact hypothesis because the former refer to a logic explanation of the latter. The contentions of intergroup contact theory are further supported by the special importance of crossgroup friendship in promoting positive contact effects pettigrew, 1998, pettigrew and tropp, 2006. Intergroup contact theory drew university college of. We believe the reduction of prejudice through intergroup contact is best explained as.